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排序方式: 共有491条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
41.
F. Maltagliati A. P. Peru M. Casu F. Rossi C. Lardicci M. Curini-Galletti A. Castelli 《Marine Biology》2000,136(5):871-879
The genetic relationships between morphologically indistinguishable marine and brackish populations of Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840 (Polychaeta: Syllidae) were studied by means of allozyme electrophoresis. Samples of S. gracilis from marine coastal and brackish-water habitats were examined for variation at 13 presumptive loci. In addition, a sample
of the closely related species S. prolifera (Krohn, 1852) was analysed. Five loci were multiallelic in at least one population of S. gracilis and eight loci in S. prolifera. Low to moderate levels of within-population genetic variability were found, with average expected heterozygosity values
ranging from H = 0.068 (±0.043 SE) to 0.187 (±0.069 SE) in the populations of S. gracilis; higher values were found in S. prolifera (H = 0.325 ± 0.076). The presence of various private alleles indicated a marked genetic divergence among populations of S. gracilis, with Nei's genetic distances ranging from D = 0.000 to 0.833 and a highly significant F
ST value. Furthermore, evidence for strong genetic heterogeneity between two sympatric marine populations was found. UPGMA cluster
analysis and multidimensional scaling pointed out a clear genetic divergence between brackish and marine populations. At least
two genetically divergent entities occurred in marine and brackish habitats. This could be due to local adaptation of individuals
coming from marine populations to brackish habitats, but more presumably to the occurrence of a species complex within S. gracilis.
Received: 6 June 1999 / Accepted: 7 February 2000 相似文献
42.
Specifically designed benthic chambers have been used to test whether the exposure for 48 hrs to polluted Lake Orta sediments could affect survival and reproduction behaviour of Daphnia obtusa and Echinogammarus stammeri. In situ results have been coupled to lab testing with Microtox, seed germination and root elongation (Lactuca sativa, Cucunris sativus, Lepidium sativum), and invertebrates (Daphnia obtusa, D. magna, E,. stammeri) acute toxicity tests.The technique and results here reported indicate the utility of in situ testing and suggest that under certain conditions this kind of test may be more realistic (avoiding sample manipulation in the lab) than traditional laboratory toxicity tests. 相似文献
43.
Karyotypic characterization of the great sturgeon, Huso huso, by multiple staining techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
F. Fontana J. Tagliavini L. Congiu M. Lanfredi M. Chicca C. Laurente R. Rossi 《Marine Biology》1998,132(3):495-501
A karyotype analysis by several staining techniques was carried out on the great sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). The karyotype (2n = 118 ± 2) was composed of 42 pairs of meta-/submetacentric chromosomes and 17 pairs of acrocentrics/microchromosomes. Constitutive
heterochromatin was mainly located at the centromeric regions of the acrocentric chromosomes. The biarmed chromosomes showed
weak C-bands. Fluorescent staining with GC-specific chromomycin A3 showed clearly recognizable fluorescent regions, whereas a more uniform base composition was revealed by the AT-specific
4,6-diamidino-2 phenylindole. After Ag-staining, nucleolar organizer regions could be observed on the short arms of two medium-sized
submetacentrics and on two acrocentrics. Digoxigenated 28S and 5S rDNA probes, prepared from Acipenser naccarii DNA and hybridized to metaphase chromosomes, showed signals on six and two chromosomes, respectively. The telomeric sequence
(TTAGGG)
n
detected by FISH was located at both ends of each chromosome. Results are discussed in relation to karyotype organization
and evolution in sturgeons.
Received: 1 April 1998 / Accepted: 21 July 1998 相似文献
44.
Genetic divergence and phylogenetic inferences in five species of Mugilidae (Pisces: Perciformes) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Allozyme electrophoresis was used to compare the genetic divergence of global populations of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 and two congeneric [M.␣curema Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836; M. gyrans (Jordan & Gilbert, 1885)] and two more distantly related [Liza ramada (Risso, 1826); Xenomugil thoburni (Jordan & Starks, 1896)] species on the basis of 18 enzyme loci. The amount of genetic divergence among the species examined
is in agreement with their present systematic status, the differences being larger among non-congeneric species than among
species of the same genus. Intraspecific genetic distances in M. cephalus (average Nei's D= 0.154), although higher than those reported for conspecific populations of fish, appear to be small when compared to the
interspecific values among mugilid species (0.821 ≤ Nei's D ≤ 1.744). Phylogenetic trees obtained by genetic distance methods and discrete character parsimony analysis were of similar
topology, except for the relationships within the genus Mugil and for the arrangement of M. cephalus populations.
Received: 7 April 1997 / Accepted: 4 February 1998 相似文献
45.
46.
Development of the Spatial Rainfall Generator (SRGEN) for the Agricultural Policy/Environmental Extender Model 下载免费PDF全文
Jaehak Jeong Jimmy R. Williams Colleen G. Rossi Robin A. Taylor Xiuying Wang William E. Fox 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(1):154-167
Accurate spatial representation of climatic patterns is often a challenge in modeling biophysical processes at the watershed scale, especially where the representation of a spatial gradient in rainfall is not sufficiently captured by the number of weather stations. The spatial rainfall generator (SRGEN) is developed as an extension of the “weather generator” (WXGEN), a component of the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. SRGEN generates spatially distributed daily rainfall using monthly weather statistics available at multiple locations in a watershed. The spatial rainfall generator as incorporated in APEX is tested on the Cowhouse watershed (1,178 km2) in central Texas. The watershed presented a significant spatial rainfall gradient of 2.9 mm/km in the lateral (north‐south) directions based on four rainfall gages. A comparative analysis between SRGEN and WXGEN indicates that SRGEN performs well (PBIAS = 2.40%). Good results were obtained from APEX for streamflow (NSE = 0.99, PBIAS = 8.34%) and NO3‐N and soluble P loads (PBIAS ≈ 6.00% for each, respectively). However, APEX underpredicted sediment yield and organic N and P loads (PBIAS: 24.75‐27.90%) with SRGEN, although its uncertainty in output was lower than WXGEN results (PBIAS: ?13.02 to ?46.13%). The overall improvement achieved in rainfall generation by SRGEN is demonstrated to be effective in the improving model performance on flow and water quality output. 相似文献
47.
48.
Pathogens, ammonia, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions are serious environmental concerns associated with swine production. This study was conducted in two manure pits (33,000 L each) to determine the influence of 1.5 or 3.0 g thymol L(-1) and 80 mg L(-1) urease inhibitor amendments on urea accumulation, coliform bacteria, odor, and methane emission. Each experiment lasted 18 or 19 d, during which time 30 to 36 250-mL samples (six per day) were withdrawn from underneath each pit and analyzed for urea, thymol, volatile fatty acids, coliform bacteria, and Campylobacter. At the end of each experiment, six 50-g samples from each pit were placed in serum bottles, and gas volume and composition were determined periodically for 28 d. Compared with the control pit, volatile fatty acids production was reduced 64 and 100% for the thymol amendments of 1.5 and 3.0 g L(-1), respectively. Viable coliform cells were reduced 4.68 and 5.88 log10 colony-forming units kg(-1) of slurry for the 1.5 and 3.0 g thymol L(-1), respectively, and Escherichia coli were reduced 4.67 and 5.01 log10 colony-forming units kg(-1) of slurry, respectively. Campylobacter was not detected in the pits treated with thymol, in contrast to 63% of the samples being positive for the untreated pit. Urea accumulated in the treated pits from Day 3 to 6. Total gas production from serum bottles was reduced 65 and 76% for thymol amendments of 1.5 and 3.0 g L(-1), respectively, and methane was reduced 78 and 93%, respectively. These results suggest that thymol markedly reduces pathogens, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from a swine production facility. The urease inhibitor produced a temporary response in conserving urea. 相似文献
49.
Kirk R. Vincent Jonathan M. Friedman Eleanor R. Griffin 《Environmental management》2009,44(2):218-227
Removal of nonnative riparian trees is accelerating to conserve water and improve habitat for native species. Widespread control
of dominant species, however, can lead to unintended erosion. Helicopter herbicide application in 2003 along a 12-km reach
of the Rio Puerco, New Mexico, eliminated the target invasive species saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), which dominated the floodplain, as well as the native species sandbar willow (Salix exigua Nuttall), which occurred as a fringe along the channel. Herbicide application initiated a natural experiment testing the
importance of riparian vegetation for bank stability along this data-rich river. A flood three years later eroded about 680,000 m3 of sediment, increasing mean channel width of the sprayed reach by 84%. Erosion upstream and downstream from the sprayed
reach during this flood was inconsequential. Sand eroded from channel banks was transported an average of 5 km downstream
and deposited on the floodplain and channel bed. Although vegetation was killed across the floodplain in the sprayed reach,
erosion was almost entirely confined to the channel banks. The absence of dense, flexible woody stems on the banks reduced
drag on the flow, leading to high shear stress at the toe of the banks, fluvial erosion, bank undercutting, and mass failure.
The potential for increased erosion must be included in consideration of phreatophyte control projects. 相似文献
50.
Designing the Masoala National Park in Madagascar Based on Biological and Socioeconomic Data 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Claire Kremen ‡ Vincent Razafimahatratra † R. Philip Guillery ‡ Jocelyn Rakotomalala § rew Weiss and Jean-Solo Ratsisompatrarivo§ 《Conservation biology》1999,13(5):1055-1068
Abstract: Conservation biologists have developed powerful tools for reserve selection and design over the past two decades, yet seldom are protected areas actually designed on scientific grounds. Using fundamental biological and socioeconomic principles of conservation science, we designed a new protected area and its multiple-use zone on the Masoala Peninsula in the humid forest zone of Madagascar. The explicit design criteria determined the data gathered for the work, which included (1) spatial distribution and quality of habitat, (2) the areas and species at greatest risk, (3) the relationship between environmental gradients and species distributions, (4) current and predicted human settlement and land and resource use, and (5) the economic potential of natural forest management as an alternative to deforestation. We used a geographic information system to integrate these data layers and applied the design criteria to develop a park proposal that balanced human and wildlife needs. The proposal won the approval of local residents, and a national decree in 1997 designated 2100 km2 of rainforest and three satellite marine reserves as the Masoala National Park, with a surrounding multiple-use zone of approximately 1000 km2 . The new park is Madagascar's largest protected area and protects more lowland (<400 m) humid forest habitat than the entire reserve system combined, a significant step forward in conserving a globally important ecoregion. Consideration of local needs and the national economy was a key element in gaining approval for the Masoala Park. Such an approach toward reserve design could be applied elsewhere to improve chances of establishing and maintaining protected areas over the long term. 相似文献